Scientists have shown that placing physical constraints on an artificially-intelligent system — in much the same way that the human brain has to develop and operate within physical and biological constraints — allows it to develop features of the brains of complex organisms in order to solve tasks. ​Scientists have shown that placing physical constraints …

AI system self-organizes to develop features of brains of complex organisms Read More »

Using the James Webb Space Telescope, CECILIA Survey receives first data from galaxies forming two-to-three billion years after the Big Bang. By examining light from these 33 galaxies, researchers discovered their elemental composition and temperature. The ultra-deep spectrum revealed eight distinct elements: Hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, argon and nickel. The teenage galaxies also were extremely hot, …

‘Teenage galaxies’ are unusually hot, glowing with unexpected elements Read More »

The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano changed the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere in the year following the eruption, leading to unprecedented losses in the ozone layer of up to 7% over large areas of the Southern Hemisphere.   ​The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano changed the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere in the year …

Massive 2022 eruption reduced ozone layer levels Read More »

Our own Milky Way galaxy is part of a much larger formation, the local Supercluster structure, which contains several massive galaxy clusters and thousands of individual galaxies. Due to its pancake-like shape, which measures almost a billion light years across, it is also referred to as the Supergalactic Plane. Why is the vast supergalactic plane …

Why the vast supergalactic plane is teeming with only one type of galaxy Read More »

It looks likely that the world will pass 1.5°C of warming in the 2030s, but current climate definitions would only make this failure official ten years later, which could waste time in bringing temperatures back down ​It looks likely that the world will pass 1.5°C of warming in the 2030s, but current climate definitions would …

How will we actually know when we pass 1.5°C of warming? Read More »